United States of America is facing serious problems regarding health care insurances in fact, many US citizens are not able to acquire health insurances. Though it is indeed true that everyone has the right to have health insurances however, certain factors affect the availability and capability of Americans to acquire health care insurances. These undetermined factors may differ from each other. In addition, these factors may have an effect to the behavior of the employer in paying health insurance of their employees. The purpose of this report is to give an overview of the behavior of the factors regarding health insurance of an employee and its underlying effect to employer contributions for health insurance.
The report includes the data obtained from the March 2008 Current Population Survey. This survey includes 533 respondents. The respondents provided answers to questions and those answers have been grouped to different variables. The created variables will serve as a basis for the analysis regarding health insurance coverage.
II. Methods
The report includes several statistical methods discussed in the three cases conducted. The data regarding health care insurance is defined with the use of descriptive statistics. The use of descriptive statistics will give hints regarding the distribution of the data. On the other hand, Student s T-test and One-way analysis of variance were used to determine the differences in the characteristics of people towards health insurance. Simple regression is also conducted to determine causal effect between health insurance payment and hourly wage of the respondents. Last, multiple regression analysis was used to determine the factors that affect employers health insurance payments.
III. Results and Findings
The descriptive statistics analysis showed different results to the characteristics of the employees that affect the employers health insurance payments. The characteristics that are in focus in case I was labor force status, age, education and hourly pay of the respondents. The average health insurance coverage rate was determined among the group categories of the observed variables.
From the analysis of descriptive statistics, it has been found that only 62.9 of the respondents have health care insurance. Among the categories of labor force status, health care insurance coverage is greater in people who are not in labor force (73.77) than those who are employed (61.36) and not employed (38.93). The average age of person with health insurance is 46.27. The age that has the most health care insurance coverage is those people who are 65 years of age. Fifty percent of people that have health insurance coverage are above and below 49 years of age. People who have health insurance have an average education of 12.62 years. Most of the people who have health insurance have an education of 12 years. Fifty percent of the people who have health insurance are above and below 12 years of education. The average hourly pay of people who have health insurance is 5.64. Most of the people who have health insurance coverage do not have an hourly pay. Fifty percent of the respondents that have health insurance coverage have an hourly pay of greater than zero.
Students T-test and One-way analysis of variance were also conducted in order to determine differences in the subcategories of the factors that may have an effect to the employer s contribution to health insurance of the respondent. T-test is conducted to determine if people who do not have health insurance are younger than those who have health insurance. T-test showed that the average age of people who do not have a health insurance is less than the average age of people who have health insurance (t -4.4632 p 0.001). On the other, One-way analysis of variance was used to determine if there is a difference between income wage across various insurance statuses. The One-way ANOVA analysis showed that there are differences in the income wages across various insurance statuses (F 378.219 p 0.001).
Simple regression analysis was conducted to determine if the hourly wage of the respondents has an effect to the contributions of employers to health insurance. After conducting the analysis, hourly wage was found out to have an effect to the contributions of employers to health insurance (t 19.448 p 0.001).
Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the factors that affect the employer s contribution to health insurance of the respondents. The analysis showed that age (t 2.07 p 0.039), hourly pay (t 9.39 p 0.001) and employment status (t 2.9 p 0.003) of the respondents have a significant influence to the employer s health insurance payment. On the other hand, disability status and years of education has no significant influence to the employer s health insurance payment.
IV. Conclusion and Recommendations
After conducting several statistical tools, the researcher has obtained three main determinants that play a big factor in deciding the contribution of employers to health insurance. The said determinantsfactors include the age of the person, the hourly paywage and the employment status of a person.
Employment status is one of the determinants of having health care insurance. If a person is unemployed, it is most likely that the person will not receive a health insurance. Thus, the first recommendation is to increase employment in the United States. In this way, people will be able to avail of health insurances. The rising cost of healthcare insurance has also significantly increased the number of uninsured people in United States. From the CPS health data, only 8 respondents have a private health insurance. The second recommendation is to increase salaries in order to allow people to avail healthcare insurance even if it will cost higher fees. Age is another factor that determines the acquisition of health insurance because younger people tend to ignore getting insurance.
In general, it is recommended to make healthcare insurance mandatory for all employers. In this way, a persons right to have a healthcare insurance will not be neglected and may be further advanced.
The report includes the data obtained from the March 2008 Current Population Survey. This survey includes 533 respondents. The respondents provided answers to questions and those answers have been grouped to different variables. The created variables will serve as a basis for the analysis regarding health insurance coverage.
II. Methods
The report includes several statistical methods discussed in the three cases conducted. The data regarding health care insurance is defined with the use of descriptive statistics. The use of descriptive statistics will give hints regarding the distribution of the data. On the other hand, Student s T-test and One-way analysis of variance were used to determine the differences in the characteristics of people towards health insurance. Simple regression is also conducted to determine causal effect between health insurance payment and hourly wage of the respondents. Last, multiple regression analysis was used to determine the factors that affect employers health insurance payments.
III. Results and Findings
The descriptive statistics analysis showed different results to the characteristics of the employees that affect the employers health insurance payments. The characteristics that are in focus in case I was labor force status, age, education and hourly pay of the respondents. The average health insurance coverage rate was determined among the group categories of the observed variables.
From the analysis of descriptive statistics, it has been found that only 62.9 of the respondents have health care insurance. Among the categories of labor force status, health care insurance coverage is greater in people who are not in labor force (73.77) than those who are employed (61.36) and not employed (38.93). The average age of person with health insurance is 46.27. The age that has the most health care insurance coverage is those people who are 65 years of age. Fifty percent of people that have health insurance coverage are above and below 49 years of age. People who have health insurance have an average education of 12.62 years. Most of the people who have health insurance have an education of 12 years. Fifty percent of the people who have health insurance are above and below 12 years of education. The average hourly pay of people who have health insurance is 5.64. Most of the people who have health insurance coverage do not have an hourly pay. Fifty percent of the respondents that have health insurance coverage have an hourly pay of greater than zero.
Students T-test and One-way analysis of variance were also conducted in order to determine differences in the subcategories of the factors that may have an effect to the employer s contribution to health insurance of the respondent. T-test is conducted to determine if people who do not have health insurance are younger than those who have health insurance. T-test showed that the average age of people who do not have a health insurance is less than the average age of people who have health insurance (t -4.4632 p 0.001). On the other, One-way analysis of variance was used to determine if there is a difference between income wage across various insurance statuses. The One-way ANOVA analysis showed that there are differences in the income wages across various insurance statuses (F 378.219 p 0.001).
Simple regression analysis was conducted to determine if the hourly wage of the respondents has an effect to the contributions of employers to health insurance. After conducting the analysis, hourly wage was found out to have an effect to the contributions of employers to health insurance (t 19.448 p 0.001).
Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the factors that affect the employer s contribution to health insurance of the respondents. The analysis showed that age (t 2.07 p 0.039), hourly pay (t 9.39 p 0.001) and employment status (t 2.9 p 0.003) of the respondents have a significant influence to the employer s health insurance payment. On the other hand, disability status and years of education has no significant influence to the employer s health insurance payment.
IV. Conclusion and Recommendations
After conducting several statistical tools, the researcher has obtained three main determinants that play a big factor in deciding the contribution of employers to health insurance. The said determinantsfactors include the age of the person, the hourly paywage and the employment status of a person.
Employment status is one of the determinants of having health care insurance. If a person is unemployed, it is most likely that the person will not receive a health insurance. Thus, the first recommendation is to increase employment in the United States. In this way, people will be able to avail of health insurances. The rising cost of healthcare insurance has also significantly increased the number of uninsured people in United States. From the CPS health data, only 8 respondents have a private health insurance. The second recommendation is to increase salaries in order to allow people to avail healthcare insurance even if it will cost higher fees. Age is another factor that determines the acquisition of health insurance because younger people tend to ignore getting insurance.
In general, it is recommended to make healthcare insurance mandatory for all employers. In this way, a persons right to have a healthcare insurance will not be neglected and may be further advanced.
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